What Is Computer Graphics? A Guide to Getting Started

Computer graphics, like the term suggests, is the process of creating imagery using computer programs and tools. In order to successfully create computer graphics, you have to understand the fundamentals of design and how to work with computer software to apply texture mapping, shadows, color, and more.

Discover more about this process and the different careers you can explore at the intersection of creativity and technology.

What is computer graphics?

Computer graphics refers to a technology that generates images on a computer screen. As you seek to understand it better, it can be helpful to think of computer graphics as the intersection of design and computer science. Digital photography, film and television, video games, and electronic devices rely on computer-generated graphics to create engaging displays.  

Examples of computer graphics

You can find examples of computer graphics all around you. Some examples include blockbuster films, such as the 2009 film Avatar, which depicts the Na’vi species using facial motion capture technologies, images and icons you see on your smartphone when you open mobile applications, and data presentations like charts and graphs you might use or see in your line of work.  

Who invented computer graphics?

Many people credit Ivan Sutherland as the “Father of computer graphics.” In 1963, Sutherland presented at the Summer Joint Computer Conference detailing Sketchpad, a precursor to graphical user interface programs that devices use today. The system enabled interactive computer design using a light pen and a graphics display monitor [1].

The importance of computer graphics

The field of computer graphics has influenced much of humanity’s daily lives, empowering designers to create dynamic visuals and expand the possibilities across numerous industries.

For example, in medical imaging, computer graphics help doctors interpret data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other tests. In engineering, it replaces physical models and prototypes to speed the design process. Additionally, computer graphics paved the way for emerging technologies like virtual reality, a simulated environment that only exists within computers or online spaces. 

Types of computer graphics

Computer graphics enable artists and designers to develop everything from single images to entire worlds. It encompasses several types, including raster, vector, interactive, and non-interactive. Explore each in more detail below. 

Raster graphics

A raster graphic is a 2D image composed of rows and columns of square pixels. Each pixel contains information about color and hue; when you combine them, the pixels form a coherent image. The more pixels per inch, the higher the resolution. A high-resolution raster graphic will appear sharper and more true-to-life than one with low resolution.   

Vector graphics 

A vector graphic consists of shapes and lines that use mathematical formulas to determine how they relate to each other. These formulas enable you to scale vector graphics larger or smaller without distorting the shape or resolution.

CGI, or computer-generated imagery, takes 2D vector graphics and transforms them into 3D representations and raster images. TV, film, and video games use this technology to depict characters, scenes, and special effects.

Fun fact: Did you know that Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film Vertigo was the first film to use CGI? Computer animation created the opening credits’ hypnotic swirling spiral [2].

Interactive computer graphics

Interactive computer graphics allow you to tell a computer how to generate an image. The following offers a sampling of what you can do in interactive computer graphics: 

• Add automatic zooming on an interactive scrolling interface to improve the scan of a 2D information space.

• Add automatic adjustments to digital sketch programs to easily record ideas in 2D using digital ink. 

• Add a dragging feature to clothing animations to improve the experience of adding clothes to 3D characters.

• Use motion files from a 3D animation database to generate moving characters from stick figure drawings. 

• Design indoor lighting using a painting interface to control a robotic lighting system. 

Explore graphic design fundamentals, including computer graphics, in CalArts's Fundamentals of Graphic Design.

Non-interactive computer graphics

In contrast to interactive computer graphics, non-interactive computer graphics do not allow you to determine how the computer generates images. Examples of non-interactive computer graphics include images for a website or mobile application, 3D animation, and CGI in film. 

Computer graphics software

Computer graphics software can open a world of possibilities and allow you to explore your creative and technical potential. 

What computer programs do graphic designers use? The table below compares the cost and features of five popular software programs and how users rate each program on G2, a site for discovering and reviewing software. G2 ratings for these software programs reflect users’ perceptions of the ease of use and support quality [3].

6 computer graphics jobs

Gaining a robust foundation in computer graphics can help prepare you for various careers in digital design, which typically merge creativity and technology. It’s a diverse field in demand throughout multiple industries, including entertainment, technology, business, and science. Additionally, the job outlook appears promising. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, jobs for digital designers will grow 8 percent annually from 2023 through 2033 [8].

Explore the various careers you might pursue in computer graphics below, including the average base salary, which excludes bonuses and other forms of additional income. You can also discover some common job duties and responsibilities to help you pick a path that aligns with your long-term goals. 

1. Computer graphics designer

Average annual US salary: $83,243 [9]

Requirements: Typically need a bachelor’s in graphic design, fine arts, or a similar field; familiarity with design tools and software

As a computer graphics designer, you will primarily design graphics for interactive websites, create visuals for print or digital use, and use graphics software to satisfy stakeholders’ needs. The scope of this position also includes meeting with team leaders and clients throughout the project. You may pitch ideas or present finalized designs, collaborate with writers and other professionals, and will need to remain current on all emerging trends in computer graphics and its relevant tools. 

2. Digital artist

Average annual US salary: $69,991 [10]

Requirements: Formal education is only sometimes required, but a bachelor’s degree in graphic design or fine art can be helpful; strong skills like color theory, composition, and design principles

As a digital designer, you will use computer software to create digital art, design graphic images, and work with illustrations, photography, and text. This position allows you to put your artistic skills to work while also using technological tools, including computer graphics software. It provides substantial creative freedom and may require collaboration with others, depending on the project or where you work. You can work in-house as part of a team or as a freelance or contract digital artist. 

3. Web developer

Average annual US salary: $80,726 [11]

Requirements: High school diploma (or equivalent) at a minimum, although many employers may prefer a bachelor’s in programming, computer science, or a similar area; knowledge of JavaScript, HTML, and CSS; UX/UI skills; front-end development skills

As a web developer, you can expect to design and maintain websites. You may also test new code and web modules, optimize user interface design, and provide technical support to project stakeholders. You will use programming languages to help create digital products and online experiences, working with product managers and other stakeholders to ensure the end result meets or exceeds expectations. 

4. Animator

Average annual US salary: $70,198 [12]

Requirements: Bachelor’s degree in art, computer graphics, interactive media, or a similar field is often preferred; skills in animation, motion capture, storyboards, motion graphics; experience using animation software

As an animator, you will sketch scenes, create storyboards, animate characters, props, and scenery. You can expect to collaborate with other creatives to animate films and games and will likely use computer programs and computer graphics software to help develop moving images. You may also write your own code, work with computer-generated images, and draw—by hand or using digital tools. 

5. Game artist

Average annual US salary: $91,173 [13]

Requirements: Bachelor’s degree in game design, digital media production, three-dimensional (3D) digital art, or a related area often preferred; skills in animation, user interface (UI), and sketching

As a game designer, you will create art and visual elements for video games and use software to build characters, objects, textures, clothing, etc. You will likely also collaborate with teams and stakeholders to complete projects, draft artwork, and guide the game’s development. You may also contribute to revisions during the production process and research references to use as a basis for the art. 

6. Graphic engineer

Average annual US salary: $80,862 [14]

Requirements: Some employers have no requirements, others prefer candidates with associate or bachelor’s degrees in subjects like marketing, graphic design, or computer science; skills in , OpenGL, Unity, and other technologies; animation skills

As a graphics engineer, you will develop games, systems, applications, and visual effects systems that use graphics. You may collaborate with artists and designers to create motion graphics and visuals. You will also likely interact with clients to get a feel for their needs and then keep them updated with your progress. This position offers versatility, and you may work as an in-house employee or start your own business

How to get started in computer graphics 

You will need a robust skill set to succeed in your chosen profession, and you have more than one path to consider to develop your skills and foundational knowledge. Once ready to start your computer graphics journey, follow the process below to streamline your efforts. 

1. Get a computer graphics education.

Identify the you want to follow, the projects you want to complete, and the skills, education, and qualifications you’ll need. Jobs in computer graphics often require a bachelor’s degree in design, computer science, or a related field. If you already have a degree, you may be able to build the necessary skills by taking courses or getting a certification in a specific area of computer graphics. For example, to become a web designer, you’ll need to learn various programming languages and how to design user experiences and interfaces on the .  

Read more: Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science: A Guide

2. Experience graphics software for yourself.

As you build skills inside your courses, consider also gaining exposure to a broad range of graphics software programs. That way, you can apply your new skills, launch new projects, and choose the best one for you. Use the table above to guide your software research and choose programs according to cost, features, ease of use, job requirements, and relevance to your goals.

3. Complete computer graphics projects.

Completing projects in computer graphics can be a great way to apply your new skills, refine your long-term , explore your potential, and bring ideas to life. You may find it helpful to complete projects that span different areas of computer graphics, from designing and developing websites to animating characters for film or gaming.

4. Create a portfolio of your work. 

As you complete computer graphics projects, add them to an online portfolio or website that you can use when applying for jobs, taking on contract work, or networking with others in this field. When assembling your portfolio, ensure it displays your work's visual aspects and skills while highlighting its potential uses. Consider sharing your portfolio on social media, including it on your resume, and even creating a profile on talent sites such as Upwork or Fiverr. 

Read more: How to Use LinkedIn: A Guide to Online Networking

5. Apply for jobs in computer graphics. 

Gaining experience can help bring theory to life and aid you in achieving your long-term goals, particularly if you want to pursue a career in computer graphics and advance in this field. Look for entry-level positions, freelance and contract work, and internships, all of which can provide valuable practical experience. In your search for employment, scrutinize each job description to find out the projects and tasks you’ll be completing, the qualifications required, and details about the company. 

Use these resources to enhance your job search: 

• 11 Interviewing Skills to Benefit Your Career

• 30 Career-Focused Questions to Ask in an Interview

• How to Negotiate Your Salary: 10 Tips to Earn More

Build your computer graphics skills with Coursera

Computer graphics bring artwork and other visuals to life using various mediums, including movies, games, and websites. Continue learning about computer graphics and how it applies to emerging technologies like virtual reality (VR) with a course like Introduction to Virtual Reality, part of the Virtual Reality Specialization, from the University of London. Or go from beginner to career-ready with Professional Certificate programs from industry leaders Epic Games, Google, and Meta to build skills in areas like video game design, user experience, and front-end development.