What Are Embedded Systems (+ How to Work with Them)

Embedded systems are computer systems that exist within a larger mechanical system. For example, an automated teller machine at a bank is an embedded system that allows you to access money stored in a bank account. Different parts of the machine, like the buttons and screen, act as a user interface so you can access the bank's digital system. 

While this is an example of a network embedded system that connects to a larger web of embedded systems, you can also find other kinds of embedded systems. These electronic systems play a large role in the technology we use every day. Explore embedded system types and learn about a career as an embedded systems engineer. 

What are embedded systems?

Embedded systems are computer systems that have a dedicated function. They are “embedded” because they exist within a larger mechanical or electronic system. You can find four types of embedded systems:

1. Standalone. Operating within a larger system is a key characteristic of embedded systems, but the standalone variety can function independently. Standalone embedded systems can produce outputs without a host computer.  

2. Network. Network embedded systems are also referred to as networked embedded systems. They rely on communication with web servers through wired or wireless networks to operate.

3. Mobile. Mobile embedded systems are small, portable devices. All mobile embedded systems are also standalone embedded systems. However, not all standalone embedded systems are mobile embedded systems.  

4. Real-time. Output generation speed is the crucial component of real-time embedded systems. In other words, their primary function is to provide results immediately. 

Embedded systems examples

What are embedded devices? 

An embedded device is a unit found within an embedded system, such as a sensor, camera, or alarm. These devices manage one aspect within the larger system and can contain many different embedded devices.

Characteristics of embedded systems

Embedded systems vary significantly in complexity. One thing that they all have in common is that they are task-specific. The following bulleted list outlines a few more shared characteristics of embedded systems.

• Microprocessor-based or microcontroller-based: Integrated circuits like microprocessors and microcontrollers provide embedded systems with computational power.

• Frequently used for Internet of Things (IoT) devices: The IoT refers to a network of devices that can communicate with each other without human assistance, such as a home security system. Embedded systems support real-time computing and sensing in the IoT. 

• Time-sensitive function execution: Embedded systems often have a specific time frame in which to execute their intended function to keep the larger system running properly. 

The three main components of embedded systems

Embedded systems have three primary components:

1. Hardware: Microprocessors and microcontrollers are the hardware of embedded systems. Typically, they include a central processing unit (CPU) connected to other basic computing devices, such as memory chips, power supplies, and LCD displays.

2. Application software: Embedded software typically features specialized programming tools that enable the machines to function. The level of complexity can vary depending on the devices it will control.

3. A real-time operating system (RTOS): An RTOS is a special type of operating system designed to respond to external events extremely quickly.

Working with embedded systems

If you want to pursue a career in embedded systems development, you can become an embedded systems engineer. Engineering careers belong to the occupational field of architecture and engineering. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a faster-than-average job growth in this category between 2023 and 2033. This figure translates into approximately 195,000 new job openings annually [1].

Embedded systems engineer job description

An embedded systems engineer is responsible for designing, developing, and managing embedded systems in products. They work collaboratively with developers and provide technical assistance to clients and other departments. Embedded systems engineers also create and maintain documentation of projects and procedures. 

Embedded systems engineer salary

According to Glassdoor, the average annual base salary for an embedded systems engineer in the US is $126,073. Embedded systems engineers also report an additional average annual pay of $34,334. Additional pay may represent profit-sharing, bonuses, or commissions. These figures combined equal a total estimated yearly compensation in the US of $160,407 [2].

How to become an embedded systems engineer

Seventy-five percent of embedded systems engineers obtain bachelor’s degrees, 17 percent have a master’s degree, and 5 percent have an associate degree [3]. Embedded systems engineers usually study electrical engineering, computer science, or a related field. Examples of online degrees aspiring embedded systems engineers can pursue include a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering. 

Gain the essential skills.

Embedded systems engineers possess a combination of technical and workplace skills. First, the list below outlines essential workplace skills. Then, the following sections sort technical skills into two categories—programming and design. Consider using the checklists below to identify areas of focus for your study. 

• Written and verbal communication

• Problem-solving

• Project management skills

• Creativity

• Logic

• Patience 

Embedded systems programming

• C and C++ programming languages

• Experience working with RTOS

• Familiarity with device drivers like Linux

• Remote and local debugging capabilities

• Extensive experience working with hardware and software

You can earn a certificate in embedded systems programming skills through an online course like the University of Colorado Boulder’s Introduction to Embedded Systems Software and Development Environments.

Embedded systems design

• Unified Modeling Language

• Multiprocessor design skills

• Understanding of embedded systems design patterns

• Ability to work with modeling programs and languages like MATLAB

• Knowledge of user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) design for embedded systems

Build your design skill set by earning a UX and Interface Design for Embedded Systems certificate from the University of Colorado Boulder.

Enhance your resume.

Building a strong resume is an essential step for any job seeker. You can improve your resume in several ways, including creating a portfolio. A portfolio is a collection of your best work to share with potential employers. If you have not yet worked on an independent project that you can use for your portfolio, consider enrolling in a Guided Project. For example, the University of Colorado Boulder offers an online Real-Time Project for Embedded Systems. You can read 10 more ways to enhance your resume in the article below.

Learn more about embedded systems with Coursera

A career as an embedded systems engineer allows you to help design and develop new embedded systems. Want to keep learning about embedded systems and embedded systems development? Consider earning a certificate from an online Specialization like Introduction to the Internet of Things and Embedded Systems.