Linux vs. Windows: What’s the Difference?

Operating systems connect your computer hardware (e.g., monitor, keyboard, drive) and your computer applications. This system is a program or set of programs that allows applications to run correctly, monitors data security, and ensures easy operation and storage of applications. When deciding which operating system to choose, you should consider factors such as reliability, flexibility, speed, and functionality.

Explore the differences between Windows vs. Linux, two popular operating systems, including what makes each unique and which type of user may benefit from each one.  

What is Linux?

Linux is a free, open-source operating system that provides you with a high degree of performance and customization. Named after its creator, Linus Torvalds, it was first released in 1991. The Linux operating system follows Unix standards for compatibility with mobile phones, mainframe computers, and supercomputers. It’s also the underlying system for Android, Amazon Kindle, and many smart TVs.

Who should choose Linux?

Linux is an excellent choice for direct control over the features of your operating system and the ability to personalize its interface. Two of this operating system’s prominent features are its flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Linux is open-source, meaning you can alter the system in ways designed for your unique requirements. As a developer, you can change the source code of Linux by integrating software packages, security systems, and server applications in ways that suit your purposes. This ability also allows you to run, modify, and share code easily. 

Because of this, Linux is a great choice for developers or tech-savvy individuals who want more control over system design, error corrections, and security. Linux is highly versatile, and you can use Linux for everything from personal desktops to professional computing and research. 

Linux pros and cons

Before deciding on Linux, consider a few advantages and disadvantages to help you feel confident in your choice. While advantages and disadvantages will vary depending on what you’re looking for, some commonly experienced ones include the following:

Advantages:

• Open-source: Being open-source means anyone can access the source code, empowering Linux users to modify and distribute their versions.

• Cost-effective: Most Linux distributions are free, lowering the barrier to entry.

• Highly customizable: Linux is highly customizable, offering many distributions that can suit different user preferences. Users can adjust the source code depending on their requirements.

• Efficiency: Linux is efficient and can perform well even on older hardware. 

• Security: Its architecture and user permission settings allow users to identify vulnerabilities and alter the source code to prevent certain attacks.

Disadvantages:

• Steeper learning curve: Linux can be more challenging to learn for those used to more mainstream operating systems. 

• Less application support: Windows offers many built-in features, including security features and built-in applications. Linux generally requires more hands-on configuration.

What is Windows? 

Windows, developed and sold by Microsoft, is a proprietary operating system first introduced in 1985. According to Statista, Windows is the most commonly used operating system worldwide, accounting for a 68.15 percent share of desktop, tablet, and console devices [1].  

Windows is highly compatible across devices and has an easy-to-use interface setup, making it easy to navigate for people with all levels of technological background. Recent versions, like Windows 11, have been designed to offer increased functionality for workers and students in hybrid environments. 

Who should choose Windows?

Windows is an excellent operating system option for the average user who doesn’t need to customize their operating system and wants built-in functionalities. The Windows operating system continually provides internal updates, including security, speed, user interface, and performance upgrades. 

Many people choose Windows because of its compatibility with many types of systems and ease of use, compared to Linux, which is more common for those familiar with backend development and customizing operating systems. If you have compatibility concerns, you might benefit from choosing Windows, as Windows supports a broad range of hardware and software. This level of support makes it a great choice if you prioritize ease of use and accessibility with your operating system. 

If you are a gamer, Windows is compatible with gaming systems, making it a go-to choice for many people in the gaming world. Because Windows has such a large user base, games are typically compatible with the system, and system designers work hard to ensure games operate as intended when using the interface.

Windows pros and cons

Like Linux, Windows offers advantages and disadvantages that may be essential to you, depending on your needs. Some commonly experienced ones include the following.

Advantages

• User-friendly interface: Using Windows is an intuitive experience. Thanks to the simplicity of the design and the familiarity of the platform, even people with limited technical knowledge can typically easily navigate the system.

• Widespread software support: Windows has a broad range of compatible software compared to other operating systems. 

Disadvantages

• More resource-intensive: Windows often demands more system resources than Linux. This can lower system performance and limit the operating system's ability to run effectively (or at all) on older hardware.

• Less secure: Due to its popularity, hackers more commonly target Windows, and many malware designs are specific to Windows. Windows also gives users full administrative access, which can lead to high damages if a virus attacks the system.

• Higher cost: Unlike Linux, Windows users must pay a fee to install the operating system. 

• Unable to fix errors independently: Users must get help from the Windows design team, which can access the source code, rather than fixing it themselves. 

Major differences 

While Linux and Windows operating systems can perform many of the same functions, you can find fundamental differences that make each suitable for different purposes. Some of the ways the two differ include:

Price 

Linux is free; you have to pay to install Windows. Windows users may sometimes have access to free upgrades once they purchase Windows, but that is only sometimes the case.

Efficiency

Linux generally runs smoothly on various hardware, including machines with less power, while Windows often requires more resources for optimal performance. This difference can lead to Windows performance lagging compared to Linux.

Security

Many users consider Linux the more secure choice. Because it's open source, developers can modify and update the code to improve security, leading to fast security patching rather than waiting on external parties to make security updates or changes. Linux also uses a decentralized approach, including user permissions and diversity among distributions, making it less of a target for attackers. On the other hand, Windows uses a centralized approach through an Active Directory.

Another factor in network security is the system's popularity. While Windows has made significant strides in security in recent versions and offers robust security features, its popularity makes it a more common target for malicious attacks. 

Modularity

One distinction between Linux and Windows lies in their level of modularity. Linux is highly modular, with each component, from the kernel to the graphical user interface, being separate and interchangeable. Users can choose from various software for each part of the system, allowing for high levels of customization and optimization based on individual needs.

On the other hand, Windows operates as a complete, cohesive unit with minimal options for customization.

User types

With Linux systems, you can choose one of three user accounts: system user, regular user, or superuser. You monitor system usage through user accounts, which you identify through a user ID. If you use your account for system administration, you will create a superuser account (or root user account), allowing you to access everything on the server.  You would use a regular user account for everyday computer use, which you can create, disable, or delete as needed. You should use the system user account for accounts used by services to execute functions and processes. 

For Windows systems, you can choose to be a standard user, administrator, or guest. Standard user accounts are meant for everyday functions, while administrator accounts have increased access to computer controls. If you use a computer temporarily, you might choose a guest account.

Gaming ability 

Windows is typically the favored operating system for gaming, thanks to its highly compatible system, extensive library of video games, and widespread use. While Linux has also been shown to perform well in specific environments, gamers generally consider Windows a better choice.

Windows vs. Linux: How to choose an operating system

Choosing between Linux and Windows is a personal decision with benefits and drawbacks to weigh against your preferences and requirements. Windows has become a staple in the personal computer market, with many users praising its easy-to-use interface and broad compatibility with various software and hardware. It offers an intuitive design and a vast array of applications, making it appropriate for novice and advanced users. 

On the other hand, Linux is an open-source operating system that provides a high degree of flexibility and customization, allowing you to tailor your system to your specific needs. With its robust permissions system, frequent updates, and a community actively addressing vulnerabilities, Linux holds a reputation for enhanced security. These elements make it a good choice if you value a secure environment and control over the system’s functionalities.

When making a choice, consider your comfort with technology, the level of customization you need, and your security requirements. Subsystems can also run the Linux environment on a Windows operating system. If you think you might benefit from both types of systems, this option is something to consider.

Learn more on Coursera. 

Linux and Windows have much to offer for individual and business use. The choice between using a Linux or Windows operating system depends on various personal factors, including your technical proficiency and security needs. If you want to gain skills in multiple operating systems, try the Operating Systems and You: Becoming a Power User course, which is part of the Google IT Support Professional Certificate on Coursera. To become proficient in Linux, try the Learning Linux for LFCA Certification Specialization from LearningQuest.