Discover how earning an MA or an MS degree can bolster your subject knowledge and critical thinking skills, accelerate your career growth, and even lead to higher salaries.
The Master of Arts (MA) and the Master of Science (MS) are both graduate degrees that build on your bachelor’s education knowledge.
The subject matter is the most significant difference between an MA and an MS degree. Although requirements will vary by program, MA degrees typically involve arts, humanities, and social sciences subjects. In contrast, MS degrees typically involve subjects in tech, the natural sciences, medicine, business administration, and mathematics.
Discover other degree differences and explore ways to decide on the best degree for your personal and professional goals.
Colleges and universities typically break up MA and MS degrees by subject. Still, there may be other important differences, such as the type of learning you’ll undertake and the cumulative project you’ll complete to graduate.
It’s a good idea to research the courses you’ll be required to take and ensure they align with your larger educational goals. Generally, each master’s degree approaches learning differently.
When you earn your MA degree, you can expect to approach your subject from a humanist perspective that deepens your analytical, critical thinking, and communications skills. When you earn your MS degree, you can expect to approach your subject from a more quantitative perspective that deepens your technical and scientific knowledge.
MA and MS degrees often require a cumulative project to conclude coursework, which can be a thesis, research project, capstone project, or internship.
The type of final project will depend on the program, but an MA degree tends to require a thesis or original piece of scholarship. In contrast, an MS degree requires a research project integrating the technical and scientific knowledge you’ve gained.
A number of subjects, such as clinical psychology, statistics, translation, and chemistry, offer students an option between an MA degree and an MS degree. If you’re trying to decipher which type of degree might be better for your long-term goals, compare the programs you’re considering and pay close attention to the courses you’ll take.
For example:
If your career goals require additional scientific education or specific technical training, an MS degree may be the best option.
If your career goals require a deeper theoretical or critical knowledge of an industry, then an MA degree may be your best course of action.
Whichever direction you choose, the MA and MS degrees enhance your subject knowledge, training you to think more critically and comprehensively about aspects of a particular subject and its applicability to various industries.
If you get caught up asking which degree is better, the more helpful questions to ask are what each program’s curriculum entails, what standards exist within your current or future industry, and what your long-term educational plans might be.
It’s important to research the programs you’re considering applying to and evaluate what each offers, paying close attention to how it will feed into your overall education needs, career path, and personal development.
How will the courses prepare me to achieve my career goals?
Who teaches the courses, and what kind of experience do they have?
Is academic mentorship important to me? How does the program foster that?
What kind of career support or career placement does the program offer?
Master’s degrees are becoming more specialized to meet industry demands and better prepare students for particular career paths. That means, instead of earning your degree in a more general subject like economics, you may be able to choose from concentrations such as applied economics, labor economics, or international economics.
As you weigh your options for different master’s degrees, consider your career goals and what subject, concentration, and coursework will help you achieve them. Even with a concentration, you should still receive an advanced foundational education in the general subject area of your choice before taking more specialized courses.
You may also want to research leaders and peers working in your industry to learn about their educational backgrounds. Pay attention to whether most hold an MA or an MS and their studied subject.
Additionally, it’s a good idea to figure out what kind of degrees your industry requires and any standards you should be aware of. For example, while earning an MA in computer science is possible, it’s more standard for industry employees to hold an MS in computer science.
What type of degree have my peers earned? In what subjects?
What type of degree have my industry’s leaders earned?
What type of degree does my industry typically require for the career I’m interested in?
What level of degree will help me advance in my industry?
Some students earn a master’s knowing they want to advance their education and apply their knowledge to their careers. Others earn a master’s on their way to a terminal degree (the highest degree you can get in a field). You should consider your long-term plans to determine whether an MA or MS is the best master’s degree for you.
Some master’s degrees, such as the Master of Architecture (MArch) and Master of Fine Arts (MFA) are terminal degrees, while most other subjects offer a PhD and expect those interested in a research or academic career to achieve that level of education.
Generally, most jobs do not require an MA or an MS. Earning either degree can bolster your subject knowledge and critical thinking skills, accelerate your career growth, and even lead to higher salaries. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that among the top 10 occupations with the most job growth through 2033, several require at least a bachelor's degree, while many specialized roles require a master’s or doctorate [1].
An MA or MS degree can help you develop specific skills that increase your earning potential. Master’s degree holders earn a median annual salary of $90,324, while bachelor’s degree holders earn $77,636, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) [2].
Recent reports by the National Association of Colleges and Employers support those findings. Graduates who earned a master’s in math or science saw a 22 percent increase in salary [3, 4].
Some entry-level positions, certain management-level roles, and many specialized professions, such as counseling, education, and nursing, require a master’s degree [5, 6, 7]. And more jobs are slated to follow suit. The BLS anticipates that jobs in the United States requiring a master’s degree for entry will grow by over 12 percent by 2033—more than for occupations requiring bachelor’s degrees or doctorates [8].
Even if a role doesn’t require it, an MA or MS is one way to stand out from other job candidates with the same education level. Earning a master’s degree shows employers your commitment to a particular field and your advanced knowledge and training.
Diplomat
Internal communications manager
Political scientist
Public relations manager
Research analyst
Astronomer
Economist
Speech-language pathologist
While it might seem that one type of degree—the MA or the MS—takes longer, on average, each typically takes a similar amount of time: between 18 months and two years to complete if you attend full-time.
During your time in an MA or MS program, you will move through core, required, and elective courses that broaden and deepen your subject knowledge. Each program varies, but typically, students can expect to complete between 30 and 60 credit hours of coursework. You’ll also complete a thesis or research project.
A Master of Arts (MA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and Master of Science (MS) are graduate-level degrees you can pursue after earning a bachelor's degree. The courses you take in an MBA relate to general business concepts, including leadership, economics, and marketing. In contrast, MA and MS degrees tend to focus on topics related to the field you want to study, such as biology, history, and criminal justice. If you want to work in a specific area or already have experience working in a business, an MA or MS may be a better choice, and you may prefer an MBA if your career plans are more general or you want to develop the specific skills you need for a leadership position.
Deciding to pursue an MA degree or MS degree is an exciting step. Consider your career goals, the subjects you’re interested in, and the programs that will best meet your needs.
Many master's programs are now offered online to accommodate students who may be working full- or part-time and need greater flexibility to complete their graduation. You can earn your MA or MS degree from leading universities on Coursera. The programs available include high-growth fields such as Computer Science and Engineering, Public Health, Business, and Public Policy.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Employment Projections: Occupations with the Most Job Growth, https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupations-most-job-growth.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Employment Projections: Education Pays, https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/unemployment-earnings-education.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
National Association of Colleges and Employers. "Salaries Expected to Climb for Class of 2023 Master's Grads, https://www.naceweb.org/job-market/compensation/salaries-expected-to-climb-for-class-of-2023-masters-grads/." Accessed February 4, 2025.
National Association of Colleges and Employers. "Salary for Class of 2023 Computer Sciences Grads Expected to Fall, But Demand Remains Strong, https://www.naceweb.org/job-market/compensation/salary-for-class-of-2023-computer-sciences-grads-expected-to-fall-but-demand-remains-strong." Accessed February 4, 2025.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/substance-abuse-behavioral-disorder-and-mental-health-counselors.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/elementary-middle-and-high-school-principals.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Occupational Outlook Handbook: Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Practitioners, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nurse-anesthetists-nurse-midwives-and-nurse-practitioners.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Employment Projections: Occupations that Need More Education for Entry are Projected to Grow Faster Than Average, https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/education-summary.htm." Accessed February 4, 2025.
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This content has been made available for informational purposes only. Learners are advised to conduct additional research to ensure that courses and other credentials pursued meet their personal, professional, and financial goals.
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