Once a diagnosis of hypertension is confirmed, medical personnel should treat patients to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. In this module, we will discuss two "complementary" treatment approaches: lifestyle modifications and blood pressure-lowering medications. Lifestyle modifications have a beneficial effect on blood pressure as well as on health in general. Since lifestyle modifications are not easy to adopt, and even more challenging to maintain, most patients with hypertension also require one or more blood pressure-lowering medications. We will learn that hypertension in most patients can be controlled by following a simple medication protocol. These protocols are especially useful in resource-limited settings since it simplifies medication procurement and treatment processes at clinics, making it feasible to implement a hypertension program in any community you serve. Understanding these basics are essential to designing, planning, and operating successful hypertension programs.

The medical clinic is the primary place where hypertension is diagnosed and managed. Although there is no established estimate, it is likely that there are more than 1 million clinics in the world. Medical clinics vary across countries and even within a country, in terms of the number and type of staff and equipment. Although each clinic is unique, several key elements make a clinic effective and efficient for hypertension care. Appropriately trained staff and adequate facilities for effective hypertension management are crucial, and most clinics may already have these in place. Also, the staff at clinics should collaborate with the patients, recognizing their needs and ensuring that the clinic is accessible to them. This concept is called “patient-centered care.” Let’s take a look at key features of clinic settings for hypertension control in this module.

In this module, you will learn about diverse settings in the community where you may find good opportunities to control hypertension. You will also learn about task-sharing/shifting among teams of personnel with different backgrounds such as community health workers, nurses, pharmacists, physicians, and others in delivering efficient and effective care. We will provide real-world examples of community-based programs that have succeeded in improving hypertension control. You will also learn the key factors that made those hypertension programs in the community a success.

In this module, we will review the basics of the medication supply system and share some tips for monitoring and managing medication inventories. We will also identify some challenges to medication supply and discuss potential solutions. All of these are crucial for improving both medication supply and access in hypertension programs.

In this course thus far, you have learned key concepts for hypertension diagnosis and management, and can describe why hypertension is important and what kind of options are available to address it. However, knowledge is not enough for successful hypertension control programs. Why? Because knowledge is within each individual, and a program needs to have a number of individuals with different values and thoughts acting collaboratively and effectively towards the same goals. There are several key elements for any program (not only for hypertension) to be successfully implemented. Since there are other resources or courses that specifically and comprehensively summarize these elements, we will not cover them all in this module. We will focus on the following three that we believe are especially important: program planning, program monitoring and evaluation, and communication